Wakambozvibvunza here Chii chinonzi piezoelectricity? Kana kuti sei tichiwana aya makristasi madiki mukati mezvinhu zvemazuva ese senge zvinovheneka, wachi, uye ma sensors ekumanikidza? Piezoelectricity chivakwa chinonakidza chisina kungodzidzwa mumarabhoritari asi zvakare chikamu chemidziyo yemagetsi yakawanda yakatitenderedza. Nzwisisa kuti inoshanda sei uye kuti ndeapi marudzi ezvigadzirwa zvinotora mukana nazvo Zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani tekinoroji yatinoshandisa mazuva ese uye kuti hunyanzvi hwesimba huri kufambira mberi sei nekuda kwezvinhu izvi zvinoshamisa.
Munyaya ino tichanyura zvakadzama Izvo zvakakosha zvepiezoelectricity, iwo akasiyana marudzi epiezoelectric zvinhu uye anonyanya kukosha uye anokatyamadza mashandisiro.Kubva pakuwanikwa kwayo, kuburikidza nemisimboti yemuviri uye equations inotsanangura, kune inoshanda, mienzaniso yehupenyu chaihwo, tinotsanangura zvese mumutauro wakajeka, unosvikika, uye wakanyatsorongeka kuti usarasikirwe nechero imwe.
Chii chinonzi piezoelectricity?
Pfungwa yepiezoelectricity inobva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti "piezo," rinoreva kumanikidza. Chaizvoizvo, Piezoelectricity kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira chaji yemagetsi kana mechanical pressure ikaiswa pavari., senge compression, torsion, kutambanudza, kana chero imwe mhando yekushushikana inosanganisira kukanganisa zvinhu. Chiitiko ichi chakatanga kucherechedzwa muna 1881 nehama Pierre naJacques Curie pavaidzidza kudzvanywa kwequartz, uye kubva zvino rave dombo repakona rekuvandudza tekinoroji nesainzi.
Asi chinhu hachipereri pano. Piezoelectricity inoshandawo kumashure: Kana iwe ukaisa munda wemagetsi kune izvi zvinhu, ivo vanozopindura nekushandura chimiro chavo kana saizi (mechanical deformation). Hunyambiri uhwu ndihwo hunovaita kuti vabatsire zvakanyanya mumashandisirwo akadai semasensa, actuators, transducer, uye majenareta emagetsi.
Kuti chinhu chiratidze piezoelectricity, chinofanirwa kusangana nechinhu chakakosha muchimiro chayo checrystalline: haifanirwe kuve nepakati pekuenzanisaMune mamwe mazwi, dhizaini yeatomu yezvinhu inofanirwa kunge iine asymmetrical, kuitira kuti kana ichimanikidzwa, iyo yakanaka uye yakaipa yekuchaja nzvimbo inochinja, ichigadzira magetsi polarization.
Muenzaniso unonyatsoratidza ndeye quartz. Paunoimanikidza, maatomu anozvironga patsva nenzira inoita kuti maerekitironi afambe, zvichiita kuti pave nemusiyano wemagetsi uchitevedza polar axis yekristaro.
Misimboti yemuviri uye kushanda kwepiezoelectricity
Kuti unzwisise zvizere chiitiko ichi, zvinobatsira kuti unzwisise zvishoma nezve mamiriro emuviri kumashure kwepiezoelectric athari. Nheyo yekutanga yakavakirwa pahukama pakati pe mechanical stress uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kuchaja muzvinhu zvisina nzvimbo yekuenzanisa.
Fungidzira chimwe chinhu chinoumbwa nekristaro nelattice umo maatomu ayo anorongwa nenzira isina kurongwa. Kana simba remagetsi rinoshandiswa (ingave kudzvinyirira, kushushikana kana torsion), kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo dzesimba remagetsi emagetsi emagetsi kunoitika. (zvakanaka nezvakaipa). Kupatsanurwa uku kunopa kuumbwa kwekutanga kwemagetsi dipoles uye kutaridzika kwezvipo zvakapesana pazviso zvezvinhu.
Mhedzisiro iyi inotsanangurwa masvomhu nenhevedzano yematensor uye constitutive equations, iyo inobatanidza electric flux density, permittivity, electric field, deformation, uye stress. Zvisinei, kubva pamaonero anoshanda, chinokosha ndechokuti Kushandiswa kwesimba kunogadzira chiratidzo chemagetsi, uye zvinopesanaChiitiko ichi is anisotropic, zvichireva kuti zvinoenderana nekutariswa kwezvinhu zvine chekuita nematemo ayo ecrystallographic.
Mhedzisiro inopesana, inozivikanwa se reverse piezoelectric effect, inoitika patinoshandisa simba remagetsi kune chinhu. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinhu zvinodedera, kumanikidza, kana kutambanudza zvichienderana nerudzi uye kuwanda kwechiratidzo chemagetsi chakaiswa. Ichi chivakwa chakakosha mumidziyo yakadai sema actuators, piezoelectric motors, uye kunyange inkjet printers.
Classification uye marudzi e piezoelectric zvinhu
Hazvisi zvese zvigadzirwa zvinoratidza piezoelectricity, asi vanozviita vanogona kuiswa mumapoka makuru maviri zvichienderana nekwavakabva:
- Natural piezoelectric zvinhu: Mamwe mamineral uye biological zvinhu zvine ichi chivakwa mukati. Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye quartz, tourmaline, rubidium, bone, DNA, enamel, uye kunyange mamwe marudzi edentin. Zvinhu izvi zvinochengetedza asymmetric crystalline chimiro kubva pakuumbwa kwavo, zvichiita kuti ive piezoelectric nemasikirwo.
- Synthetic kana induced piezoelectric zvinhu: Izvi zvinhu zvinowana piezoelectric zvivakwa mushure mekuita polarization process. Muenzaniso unonyanya kukosha ndeye piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) ceramics, asi kunewo mapolymers (akadai sePVDF kana polyvinylidene fluoride), berlinite, lithium tantalate, uye lithium nitrate, pakati pevamwe. Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kuva polycrystalline kana kuva nechimiro cheamorphous, uye kutaridzika kwavo kwemukati kunowanikwa nekushandisa nzvimbo yakakosha yemagetsi, kazhinji pedyo neCurie tembiricha.
ari ferroelectric zvinhu Vanoumba boka diki mukati mezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira. Zvishandiso izvi hazvingoratidzi piezoelectricity chete, asi zvinogona zvakare kudzoreredza kutarisisa kwedipoles yavo vachishandisa munda wemagetsi, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakasiyana-siyana.
Muindasitiri yemagetsi, zvinhu zvinonyanya kushandiswa ndezvi:
- Cuarzo
- Seignette Munyu
- Piezoelectric ceramics
- Ceramics tekinoroji
- Polymers akadai sePVDF
Crystal chimiro uye mamiriro epiezoelectricity
Chakavanzika chepiezoelectricity chiri mu atomic uye crystalline chimiro chechinhuKuti chinhu chive piezoelectric, chinofanirwa kushaya nzvimbo yekuenzanisa uye kuve neinenge imwe polar axis. Munyika ye crystallography, kune 32 makirasi ekristal, ayo 21 chete anosangana nemamiriro aya. Mukati meizvi, mune gumi makirasi epolar anogona zvakare kuratidza pyroelectricity (iyo instantaneous polarization inogadzirwa nekuchinja kwekushisa).
Imwe yeakanyanya kudzidzwa makirasi ecrystalline ndeye quartzHutatu hwayo symmetry uye hexagonal kurongeka kwemaatomu kunoipa iyo matrix yepiezoelectric coefficients umo maviri chete akazvimirira, achifambisa zvakanyanya kuenzanisira kwayo uye kushandiswa. Iyo anisotropic zvimiro zve quartz uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinobvumira iyo yakanyatso kutaridzika kusarudzwa kune yega yega application.
Yakananga uye inverse mhedzisiro: inoshanda maapplication
Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinopa hukuru hwakasiyana-siyana: Ivo vese vanogona kuburitsa magetsi kubva mukumanikidzwa uye kuburitsa kufamba kana vibration kuburikidza nechiratidzo chemagetsi..
Somuenzaniso, mu hope uye zvekurapa ultrasound masisitimu, iyo piezoelectric crystal inoshanda sese ari maviri anotumira uye anogashira: inoburitsa ultrasonic vibrations nekushandisa magetsi emagetsi uye inoona maungira anoratidzwa kuti abudise masaini emagetsi akaenzana, zvichiita kuti kuwanikwa kwemifananidzo yekurapa.
Imwe yakapararira application ndeye magetsi emagetsiKakiristu kadiki kepiezoelectric kakarohwa kanoburitsa kamoto kanotungidza gasi muzvibatiso nezvitofu.
En los quartz wachiIchi chivakwa chinoshandiswa kuchengetedza inogara ichiita oscillation frequency uye nemaka nguva.
Uyezve, nekuda kweiyo reverse piezoelectric athari, zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa mumainjini, majekiseni emafuta mumainjini edhiziri, inkjet printer, uye masisitimu ekudzora mumaindasitiri mazhinji.
Kunyora iyo piezoelectric inoshanda musimboti
Formally, Kana chinhu chepiezoelectric chikagashira kushushikana kwemagetsi, chinoburitsa polarization yemagetsi inoenzana nesimba rinoiswa.Izvi zvinoratidzwa muformula p = d × voltage, uko "d" iri piezoelectric coefficient yechinhu. Semuenzaniso, muquartz ndeye 3 × 10-12, uye muPZT inogona kusvika 3 × 10-10.
Ichi chiitiko chinomuka kubva mukati meiyo ionic displacements mukristaro lattice, iyo inorongazve machaji emagetsi, chete mumidziyo isina pakati pe symmetry. Ongorora zvitsva nezvinhu zvemagetsi inogona kuwedzera kushandiswa kwayo mumashandisirwo akasiyana.
Reverse maitiro uye reverse piezoelectric effect
El reverse effect Izvo zvinoitika kana magetsi emagetsi akaiswa kune izvo zvinhu, zvichikonzera kuti iparare, kudedera, kana kutambanudza zvichienderana nekuwanda uye voltage inoshandiswa. Izvi zvakakosha muma actuators, ayo anonyatso shandura simba remagetsi kuita kufamba.
Somuenzaniso, mumichina yokudhinda kana kuti magudzanzwi, ichi chiitiko chinobvumira kufamba kudzorwa noururami hukuru.
Inonyanya kushandiswa piezoelectric zvinhu mumagetsi uye tekinoroji
- Seignette Munyu (Rochelle)
- Cuarzo
- Unyanzvi uye piezoelectric ceramics
- Piezoelectric polymers (PVDF, polyimides)
- Rubidium
Zvishandiso izvi zvinoshandiswa mumidziyo yakadai semasensa, transducers, actuators uye zvemagetsi zvikamu zvekurapa, maindasitiri nesainzi. piezoelectric ceramics zvakajairika mumashanduri, masensa uye actuators, nepo polymers Vanopa mabhenefiti mumashandisirwo anoda kuchinjika uye kuramba kune tembiricha yakakwira, yakanakira marobhoti uye akangwara masisitimu.
Mazuva ese uye ari kubuda mashandisirwo epiezoelectricity
Iko kushandiswa kwepiezoelectricity kunobva kuhupenyu hwezuva nezuva kusvika kune zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri: vibration uye pressure sensors mumakrofoni, magitare, ultrasonic, zvekurapa uye zvinomanikidza sensors; magetsi emagetsi pazviteshi zvepeturu nemakicheni; quartz wachi kuyera nguva chaiyo; zvokurapa ultrasounds mukuongororwa uye kurapwa; uye smart infrastructures ine masensa akaiswa muasphalt yekuvheneka uye kutonga kwetraffic. Iyo tekinoroji zvakare inopa simba touchscreens uye imba otomatiki masisitimu.
Aya maapplication haakurudzire kushanda kwesimba chete, asi zvakare anofambisa masisitimu matsva anowedzera simba rinogona kudzokororwa uye kukurudzira kusimba.
Basa repiezoelectricity mukuchinja kwe ecological uye renewable simba masosi
Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukura kufarira mu utsanzi uye kusimba kwesimbaPiezoelectricity inogona kubatsira mukugadzirwa kwemicrocurrents kubva kumagetsi masimba, achizadzisa akachena masosi senge hydroelectric kana solar simba, kunyanya mune yakaderera-inoda kumira-yega masisitimu. IEuropean Union nemamwe masangano enyika ari kutsvagisa zvikumbiro zvitsva zvekushandisa tekinoroji iyi mukutonga kwemvura uye kusimudzira simba muzvivakwa.
Multiferroic polymers uye macomposites: iwo muganho mutsva
Munda uri kusimukira ndewe piezoelectric polymers uye multiferroic zvinhuMapolymers akadai sePVDF uye polyimides anopa mabhenefiti akadai sekunyanya kuchinjika uye yakakwirira-tembiricha kuita, inogonesa maapplication mumarobhoti, zvinopfeka zvinonzwa, uye smart zvishandiso. Pane rimwe divi, multiferroic composites Ivo vanosanganisa piezoelectric uye magnetoelectric mhedzisiro, kugadzira zvinhu zvinokwanisa kupindura kune dzakawanda zvinokurudzira uye kuvhura mikana mitsva mumasensa uye akabatana masisitimu.
Muenzaniso unoshanda: piezoelectric simba sensors muindasitiri
Nyaya yakajairika ndeye piezoelectric simba transducers Inoshandiswa mumashina uye kutonga kwemhando. Vanoyera nemazvo masimba mumatanho akadai se riveting, kuve nechokwadi chekupedzisira mhando. Kutenda kune yavo compact saizi uye calibration, aya ma sensors anobatanidzwa nyore nyore mumasisitimu aripo, achipa zviyero zvakavimbika uye zvinogara kwenguva refu.
Kuedza uye piezoelectric resonances
Muma laboratori, ivo vanodzidzwa piezoelectric ceramics uye makristasi pasi pekunetseka kwakasiyana uye minda yemagetsi, kuongorora zviitiko zvakadai se:
- Deformation nendima yemagetsi
- Chizvarwa chemitoro pasi pema mechanical stress
- Resonances uye vibration modes
Tsvagiridzo idzi dzinoita kuti zvikwanise kuona mafambiro echisikigo uye zvimiro zvemuviri zvakakosha pakugadzira michina inoshanda uye yakasimba.
Future innovation nemikana yebudiriro
Nhasi, tsvakurudzo mune piezoelectricity Inodarika academia, inobatanidza makambani uye masangano everuzhinji mumapurojekiti kuti awedzere mari yekuchengetedza simba uye matekinoroji matsva ezvivakwa zvakangwara uye masisitimu. Kugona kubatanidza zvinhu izvi nemamwe masosi emagetsi, kumirisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya, uye kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvazvino zvinovaita chishandiso chinovimbisa kwazvo mune ramangwana riri pedyo.
Piezoelectricity inomiririra chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza uye zvakasiyana-siyana mufizikisi yemazuva ano, kiyi yekuvandudza masensor, actuators, uye masisitimu ekugadzira simba. Kubva pakuwanikwa kwayo muzana ramakore rechi 19 kusvika kufambiro mberi mune zvekushandisa uye kubatanidzwa kwayo mumhinduro dzakasimba, inoenderera mberi nekugadzira nzira yehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji uye kugona kwesimba kunoumba ramangwana revanhu.
