Wakambozvibvunza here kuti zvikamu zvemagetsi zvinobvumira midziyo yekumhanya-mhanya kuita mabasa mumamilliseconds inoshanda sei? Mhinduro inogona kunge iri mune chimwe chezvinhu zvakasarudzika uye zvinonakidza zvemazuva ano zvemagetsi: iyo tunnel diode, inozivikanwawo se Esaki diodeIchi chishandiso, kunyangwe chisingawanikwe zvakanyanya mumagetsi echinyakare, chine zvimiro zvakasiyana izvo zvinochipa basa rakakosha mu-high-frequency uye high-speed application.
Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora nyika yetunnel diode, kwaakabva, kuwanda kwekushanda kwawo, zvinhu zvavanogadzirwa nazvo, hunhu hwavo hwemagetsi hwakasiyana, zvakanakira uye zvausingakwanisi, pamwe nemashandisirwo azvino. Tichaongorora zvakare mamodheru chaiwo senge 1N3716 kana the 1N3755Gadzirira kuona kuti sei chikamu chidiki ichi chakashandura indasitiri uye sei, kunyangwe paine zvisingakwanisi, inoramba yakakosha mukucheka-kumucheto matekinoroji.
Chii chinonzi tunnel kana Esaki diode?
El tunnel diode, inonzi futi Esaki diode Yakatumidzwa zita remugadziri wayo Leo Esaki, akapihwa Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1973, imhando yakakosha ye semiconductor diode inotaridzwa neayo. yakanyanya doped PN junction uye nhete. Iyi doping yakasimba inobvumira quantum mechanical phenomenon inozivikanwa se tunnel effect, apo vatakuri vechaji vanoyambuka mhinganidzo inobvira kunyange apo, maererano nemitemo yekare, havafaniri kuita kudaro.
Kuenzaniswa neyakajairwa masaini diode, ayo PN junction ine yakanyanya kuderera kusachena kusungwa (inenge 1 chikamu mugumi8), iyo tunnel diode inotora doping kusvika kune yakanyanyisa mazinga, pamwe neanenge 1 chikamu mu103. Izvi zvinogadzira a nzvimbo yakamanikana zvakanyanya yekuderera kana hurombo, inova yakakosha kuti tunnel iratidzike.
Kushanda musimboti: Quantum tunneling mhedzisiro
Iko kushanda kwe a tunnel diode Inobva pa quantum mechanics, apo pane mukana unogumira kuti maerekitironi, kunyange zvazvo asina simba rakakwana rokuyambuka chipingamupinyi chinogona kubva kune cheklasiki chemaonero, chinogona kupfuura napo sokunge "chinokanda" kuburikidza naro. mukana we tunneling inowedzera iyo yakaderera chipingamupinyi, iyo inowanikwa zvakanyatsonaka nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwema dopants muPN junction ye diode.
Pamasvomhu, mukana weP wechikamu chinoyambuka chipingamupinyi zvinoenderana zvakanyanya pane ese ari maviri chipingamupinyi simba (Eb) seyake paupamhi (W):
P α exp(-A × Eb × W)
Apo A inogara iine hukama nehupfumi hwezvinhu. Chinokosha ndechokuti, mugerodhi diode, chipingamupinyi ichi chakatetepa zvokuti kunyange simba rakaderera-kupfuura-repfungwa rinokwana kuti maerekitironi ayambuke.
Kuvaka uye zvinhu: Kupfuura silicon
Kusiyana neakajairika silicon diode, tunnel diodes Kazhinji ivo vanogadzirwa ne germanium, gallium arsenide o gallium antimonideChikonzero chekusashandisa silicon ndechekuti zvinhu zvataurwa zvinobvumira chiyero chiri nani pakati pepamusoro ikozvino (peak current) uye zvishoma zvishoma (mupata wezvino), zvakakosha muchikamu chekushandisa. Yakajairika PN junction ine dunhu rekuderera kwehukobvu hwakakura; mu tunnel diode, dunhu iri rinosvika ka100 nhete, panosvika gumi nanomita.
La kuzara kwetsvina pamativi ese ePN junction zvinoreva kuti mazhinji ekutakura machaji (maerekitironi nemaburi) aripo muhuwandu hukuru, zvichifarira tunneling mhedzisiro kunyangwe padiki diki mutsauko. Nekuda kweizvozvo, inova chishandiso chakanyanya kujeka, chakakodzera kukurumidza-kukurumidza switch.
Magetsi maitiro: Negative kuramba uye VI curves
Imwe yei zvakanyanya kushamisa maitiro ye tunnel diode ndiyo inoratidza kushorwa kwakashata muchikamu chevoltage-current (VI) hunhu curve. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, sezvo magetsi ekufambisa mberi anowedzera, ikozvino inotanga kuwedzera nokukurumidza kusvikira yasvika pakakwirira (peak point), asi zvino, kana magetsi akawedzera, ikozvino inoderera kusvika padiki (valley point), uye yobva yawedzera zvakare sezvinoitwa diode yakajairika.
Chiitiko ichi, the negative resistance zone, ndiyo hwaro hwemazhinji tunnel diode application, senge chizvarwa chepamusoro-frequency oscillations. Iyo hunhu curve inogona kupfupikiswa mune anotevera mapoinzi akakosha:
- Yekutanga conduction zone: ikozvino inowedzera nekuwedzera yakananga voltage.
- Peak point: yakanyanya ikozvino (Ip) ine yakabatana voltage (Vp).
- Negative resistance zone: yazvino inodzikira kunyangwe voltage ichiwedzera, kusvika yasvika pamupata.
- Valley point: yakaderera ikozvino (Iv) ine valley voltage (Vv).
- Kubva pano zvichienda mberi, maitiro acho akafanana neaya akajairika diode.
Mureverse bias, iyo tunnel diode Iyo ine zvakare yakakosha conductivity, nekuda kweiyo tunnel mhedzisiro, ichibvumira yakakwira reverse ikozvino kutenderera kunyangwe pakaderera voltages.
Chiratidzo chemagetsi uye dunhu rakaenzana
El chiratidzo Iyo tunnel diode inomiririra mune zvemagetsi schematics inogona kusiyana zvishoma, asi inonyatsoratidza PN junction ine chimiro chakasiyana chekumaka maitiro ayo akakosha. Iyo anode (P) uye cathode (N) inosiyaniswa zvakajeka.
For the ongororo yedunhu, diki-signal yakaenzana modhi inoshandiswa inosanganisira:
- Una kushorwa kwakashata (-Ro) yakabatana neiyo negative resistance region.
- Una series inductance (Ls) mhiri kwe diode terminals.
- Una junction capacitance (C).
Uku kusanganiswa kwezvinhu kunoratidza maitiro eiyo tunnel diode mune yakakwirira-frequency application uye yakakosha pakufanotaura mhinduro yayo pasi pemamiriro akasiyana.
Kushandiswa kukuru kwetunnel diode
Nekuda kwake kugona kunoshamisa kukurumidza kushandura mamiriro ekutyaira, iyo tunnel diode inonyanya kuratidzwa kune:
- Microwave uye yakakwira frequency oscillators: Ivo vanotora mukana weiyo yakaipa yekupikisa zone kugadzira uye kuchengetedza yakagadzikana magetsi oscillations, yakakosha munharembozha, radar uye isina waya masisitimu.
- Reflection amplifiers: inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa uko kukwidziridzwa kunodiwa pamafrequencies uko kwakajairika transistors haashande zvakanaka.
- High-speed switches: nekuda kwekuchinja kwayo kwepakarepo pakati penyika dzekutyaira nedzisiri kutyaira.
- Frequency converters: Kugona kwayo kushanda mune zvese kumberi uye kudzosera kurerekera kunobvumira kushandiswa kwayo mumasaini masanganisi.
- Ndangariro dzinonzwisisika mumaseketi edhijitari: kugadzikana kwayo munzvimbo isina kunaka yekupikisa inoshandiswa kuchengetedza kwenguva pfupi ruzivo.
Kunyangwe ivo vachipa mabhenefiti epamusoro frequency, hazvina kukodzera kugadziriswa kwakajairika nekuda kweiyo yakakosha reverse bias leakage ikozvino, iyo inomisa kushandiswa kwayo kwakapararira.
Zvakanakira uye kuipa kwetunnel diode
El tunnel diode Iyo ine yakasarudzika zvivakwa, ine zvakanakira uye nekuipa izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa. Pakati pezvakanakira, a ultra-fast operating speed y ruzha rushomaZvisinei, inewo painogumira, senge a low maximum simba uye zvirambidzo pakushanda voltage.
- Kubatsirwa:
- Ultra-yakakwirira kushanda kumhanya, yakakodzera kushandura uye chizvarwa chechiratidzo mumabhandi ewa microwave.
- Mutengo wekugadzira wakaderera uye kureruka kunovaka zvichienzaniswa nemamwe ma-high-frequency devices.
- Ruzha ruzha nhanho panguva yekuvhiya.
- Kudzivirira zvakanaka kwezvakatipoteredza uye hupenyu hurefu hwebasa nekuda kwekuvaka kwayo kwakasimba.
- payakaipira:
- Low maximum simba, zvichiita kuti dzisakodzere kushandiswa kwesimba-yakanyanya.
- Kubuda kwemagetsi mashoma uye kuchinja kwechiratidzo chekubuda.
- Hapana kuparadzaniswa pakati pekupinza uye kubuda kuva maviri-terminal mudziyo.
- Kuoma mukugadzirwa kukuru uye zvisingakwanisi mune mamwe maapplication akajairwa.
Mienzaniso uye mienzaniso: Tunnel diodes 1N3716 uye 1N3755
Pakati pezvakaitika kare uye zvakanyanya kushandiswa mhando dze tunnel diodes kumira kunze 1N3716 y 1N3755, yakakurumbira mumarabhoritari emicrowave, zviteshi zvekufonera, uye prototype dhizaini. Ose ari maviri anoratidzirwa nekubvumira yakakwira zvakanyanya kushanda frequency uye kupindura zvinobudirira munzvimbo dzisina kunaka dzekupikisa. Kuziva kwemhando dzakasiyana dzakadai seSchottky diode inogona kuenderana nekunzwisisa kwemidziyo iyi mune mamwe mamiriro.
El 1N3716 Inotaridza hunhu hwema curve akajairika etunnel diode, ine yakadzikira peak voltage uye yakaringana yekupindura kumhanya kwema microwave application uye nekukurumidza switch. Kune rumwe rutivi, iyo 1N3755 Inopa zvakada kufanana asi inosiyana-siyana senge yekushanda voltage uye yazvino renji, ichibvumira kushandiswa kwayo mune chaiyo yakakwira-frequency emagetsi zvigadziriso.
Kuenzanisa nemamwe marudzi e diode
Nyika yedhiodhi ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana, zvakadai semasignal diodes, Zener diodes, Schottky diodes kana rectifier diodes. tunnel diode Inonyanya kusiyaniswa ne:
- Hazvibatsiri kugadzirisa nekuda kweiyo high reverse bias leakage current.
- Kugona kushandura nyika nekukurumidza kupfuura Schottky kana mamwe madhidhiyo ekumhanya.
- Ratidza dunhu re kwakanyatso kuoneka negative resistance (haisipo mune mamwe ese akajairika diode).
- Kuda chaiyo zvinhu uye doping nokuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakakwana, kusiyana nesilicon ye diode yakajairika.
Aya maitiro anoita kuti tunnel diode ive yakakosha mune niches umo mimwe michina isingakwanise kukwikwidza, kunyangwe kushandiswa kwayo mumagetsi evatengi kushoma.
Detailed operation: Zvikamu zvekutenderera VI
Kuti unzwisise maitiro ayo, zvakakosha kuongorora chikamu chimwe nechimwe chechimiro chayo curve:
- Nokushandisa diki yakananga voltage, vatakuri vechaji vanopfuura nemujunction nekuda kweiyo tunnel effect, ichigadzira yakaderera ikozvino.
- Nekuwedzera kwekunetsana, valence uye conduction mabhandi anopindirana, zvichikonzera kukurumidza kuwedzera kwezvino kusvika kusvika pakakwirira.
- Mushure mepamusoro, kusarongeka kwemabhandi kunoderedza tunneling, kuderedza ikozvino kusvika kumupata.
- Sezvo kunetsana kuri kuramba kuchikwira, maitiro akafanana neaya akajairika junction, uye ikozvino inosimuka zvakare.
- Under reverse bias, iyo tunnel mhedzisiro ichiri kubvumira yakakosha ikozvino, kunyangwe iyo yakanyanya reverse voltage kazhinji yakaderera.
Mamiriro ekushandiswa uye miganhu yekushanda
El tunnel diode inogona kumira zvakanyanya yakananga voltages, iine mamwe mamodheru anosvika ku500 V, asi ayo yakanyanya reverse voltage (PIV) Iyo inowanzo yakaderera, yakatenderedza 40 V mumienzaniso yakajairika. Zvakakosha kuchengeta muganhu uyu mupfungwa kuti udzivise kukanganisa.
Hukama huripo peak current and the valley current Iyo yakakosha parameter yekusarudza iyo chaiyo modhi, kunyanya mune oscillator uye amplifier application uko kugadzikana uye chiratidzo amplitude inodiwa munzvimbo isina kunaka yekupikisa.
Mamiriro ezuva nezuva panoshandiswa tunnel diode
Pasinei nekushandiswa kwavo kwakaganhurirwa, tunnel diodes vari mu:
- Microwave communications equipment.
- High frequency metres.
- Signal masosi mune zvemagetsi fizikisi marabhoritari.
- Radar masisitimu anoda mhinduro nanosecond.
Zvisinei nekuunzwa kwetekinoroji nyowani uye zvinhu, kumhanya uye kuvimbika kwavo zvinozvichengeta zvakakosha mune mamwe minda.
