Supercapacitors: Zvavari, mashandiro avanoita, uye kureba kwavanogona kuenda

Wakambozvibvunza here kuti zvimwe midziyo yemagetsi inogona kuwana simba rakakura sei mumasekonzi mashoma? Kubva kumotokari dzemagetsi kuenda kumaindasitiri emagetsi uye masystem emagetsi anovandudzwa, pane tekinoroji imwe inokwanisa kushandura nzira yatinochengeta nekuburitsa simba: supercapacitors. Izvi zvikamu zvinotora iyo classic capacitor pfungwa kune imwe nhanho, ichipa mikana iyo, kwete kare kare, yaiita kunge isingagoneki.

Muchinyorwa chino tinokuudza zvakadzama kuti supercapacitor chii, kuti inoshanda sei, uye ndeapi masimba aanogona kuita. uye nei yave imwe yembiru dzemazuva ano ekuchengetedza simba. Kana iwe uchitsvaga yakadzama, yakadzama, uye inonakidza tsananguro, gara wakatarisa nekuti unenge wave kuda kuwana ichangoburwa mukuchengetedza simba nekumhanya kwakanyanya.

Chii chinonzi supercapacitor?

A supercapacitor, inozivikanwawo se ultracapacitor, EDLC (Electric Double Layer Capacitor), kana kaviri-layer capacitor., chishandiso chemagetsi chekuchengetedza simba chine hunhu hukuru hwekugona kuunganidza uye nekukasira kuendesa simba. Vanogona kuchengetedza pakati pegumi ne10 nguva yakawanda simba kupfuura yakajairwa electrolytic capacitors. uye ari pakati pemabhatiri emakemikari uye mamwe emhando yepamusoro capacitor, achibatanidza akanakisa ega ega tekinoroji.

Midziyo iyi yakatanga muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 70 uye, kubva mushanduro dzayo dzekutanga dzefaradhi imwe chete muma80 nema5.000, dzakashanduka kusvika pakukwanisa kutengeserana kunosvika XNUMX faradhi uye kutopfuura murabhoritari. Yekutanga supercapacitor yakanyoreswa muma50s naHE Becker uye, mushure memakumi emakumi emakore ekunatsa, iko zvino yava kushandiswa mukuwedzera kwakasiyana kwezvikamu.

Kushanda uye chimiro che supercapacitor

Kushanda kwe supercapacitor kunobva pane imwecheteyo seyakajairika capacitor: maviri conductive mahwendefa akapatsanurwa ne insulating material. (dielectric). Zvisinei, kiyi iri mu yakakura yemukati nzvimbo yemahwendefa ayo (nekuda kwekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakaita seporous kabhoni, graphene kana nanotubes) uye mune chinhambwe chidiki kwazvo pakati pavo, padyo nechiyero che molecular.

Kana magetsi akaiswa, zvikamu zviviri zvechaji yakapesana inoumbwa pakusangana pakati pe electrode ne electrolyte.Iyi 'double layer' inopa zita rayo kune imwe yeanonyanya kusiyanisa: magetsi maviri-layer supercapacitors (EDLCs). Kuunganidzwa kwesimba kunoitika kwete kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari, asi kuburikidza nekuparadzaniswa kwemuviri kwemachaji emagetsi, zvichigonesa kutenderera kusinga peri kuchaja-kuburitsa uye nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kuendesa simba.

Kune zvakare pseudocapacitors, iyo inotora mukana wepamusoro redox maitiro kuwedzera capacitance, uye mahybrids, ayo anosanganisa akasiyana matekinoroji kuvandudza mashandiro.

Kuenzanisa pakati pe supercapacitors, capacitors uye mabhatiri

Ma supercapacitors anosiyana sei kubva kune akajairwa capacitor uye mabhatiri? Mhinduro iri muzvinhu zvakati wandei zvakakosha:

• Energy density: Supercapacitors inochengetedza simba rakawanda kupfuura yakajairwa capacitor, kunyangwe ichiri pasi pemabhatiri e-lithium-ion.
• Simba chairo: Vanogona kuunza uye kugamuchira simba nekukurumidza kupfuura chero bhatiri.. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka kune zvikumbiro zvinoda simba repakarepo.
• Hupenyu kutenderera: Supercapacitors inogona kumira mazana ezviuru kana kunyange mamirioni ekuchaja / kuburitsa madhizaini pasina kuderedzwa., yakawanda kupfuura mabhatiri, ayo ari kutenderera zviuru zvemacycles.
• Loading nguva: Anogona kuchajwa mumasekonzi kana maminetsi, zvichienzaniswa nemaawa anogona kudiwa nemabhatiri..
• Kuchengetedza nzira: Nepo mabhatiri achichengeta simba kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari, ma supercapacitor anoita izvi mumuviri kuburikidza nekuunganidza machaji.
• Chengetedzo: Supercapacitors inopa njodzi yakaderera yekuputika uye haina kusvibisa zvishoma.

Mune mazwi anoshanda, supercapacitors haisi yekutsiva yakananga mabhatiri ekushandisa kwenguva refu yekuchengetedza., asi ivo vanogona kuzadzisa uye kuvapfuura muzvinodiwa zvekubuda nekukurumidza, mapeji emagetsi uye kutenderera kwakasimba.

Zvinhu zvakakosha uye nheyo dzetekinoroji

Iyo tekinoroji kusvetuka mu supercapacitors inonyanya kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvepamberi zvinoshandiswa. uye optimization yechimiro chemukati. Ma electrodes anowanzo kugadzirwa ne activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene kana kunyange aerogels uye nanofoams kuti uwedzere nzvimbo inowanikwa.

Iyo electrolyte inogona kuve yakadzika, organic kana kunyange yakavakirwa pane ionic zvinwiwa, zvichienderana nekushandiswa, kubvumira kugadziriswa kwehuwandu hwemhepo uye conductivity yemudziyo. Insulating uye kupatsanura zvinhu zvinoitawo basa rakakosha mukugadzikana uye kushanda nesimba.

Zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirwa, zvakadai sepseudocapacitors, inoshandisa simbi oxides (semuenzaniso, ruthenium dioxide, manganese, iridium, nickel) kana conductive polymers. senge polyaniline, polythiophene uye polypyrrole, inokwanisa kuchengetedza yakatokura kuchaji kuburikidza neionic adsorption/desorption process muvhoriyamu ye electrode.

Kurongwa kwe supercapacitors

Zvichienderana nezvishandiso uye musimboti wekushandisa, supercapacitors inogona kuverengerwa se:

• Magetsi maviri-layer supercapacitors: Vanoshandisa kuunganidzwa kwechaji pa electrode-electrolyte interface (EDLC), kazhinji ine porous carbon electrodes uye mvura electrolyte.
• Pseudocapacitors: Vanomisa kugona kwavo pamusoro pekuita faradaic vachishandisa simbi okisidhi kana conductive mapolima. Vanopa yakakwirira simba density.
• Hybrid supercapacitors: Vanosanganisa matekinoroji akasiyana (semuenzaniso, bhatiri ndiro uye supercapacitor ndiro, kana kusanganisa kabhoni nesimbi oxides).

Hunyanzvi hwakawanikwa hunosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwezvinhu uye magadzirirwo., ine mitsara inogona kubva kune akati wandei mumidziyo midiki kusvika kuzviuru mumaindasitiri emhando.

Ndeapi masimba anogona kuwanikwa ne supercapacitor?

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokatyamadza hukuru hwekugona hunogona kuwanikwa nema supercapacitors azvino:

• Murabhoritari: Masimba anosvika mazana mana emafaradhi pagiremu akawanikwa pachishandiswa simbi okisidhi senge ruthenium uye tekinoroji yepamusoro nanostructuring.
• Mune zvekutengesa zvikumbiro: Zvakajairika kuwana supercapacitor ye1500, 2400, 3000, uye kunyange 5000 farads, inorema pakati peimwe kusvika matatu kilogiramu.
• Energy density: Anowanzo kutenderedza 4 kusvika 10 Wh/kg pamaapplications emazuva ese, ari pasi pemabhatiri e-lithium-ion (30-150 Wh/kg), asi anotopfuura ma classic capacitor.
• Simba chairo: Ivo vanosvika 2.000 W/kg (kana kutopfuura!), vachibvumira zvakanyanya kumhanyisa kuchaja uye kuburitsa.
• Upenyu hunobatsira: Hupenyu hutenderedzwa hunowanzopfuura 500.000 yemhando dzemhando yepamusoro, nepo kune maindasitiri emhando, hazvishamisi kusvika makore makumi maviri ekushanda.

Nekuda kwezvishandiso zvitsva senge graphene uye hunyanzvi hwekugadzira hunyanzvi, iyo bar yekushanda, density uye kusimba inosimudzwa gore rega rega., kuwedzera nzvimbo dzayo dzinobvira dzekushandisa.

Zvikumbiro muindasitiri, simba rinovandudzwa uye chekufambisa

Iko kugona kwema supercapacitors kwakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura, ichisvika zvikamu zvakaita se:

• Motokari uye zvekufambisa: Mota dzemagetsi, mota dzakasanganiswa, mabhazi anokurumidza kuchaja, matramu, uye zvitima zvese zvinoshandisa supercapacitor kune peak simba, kutanga, uye regenerative braking.
• Indasitiri yemagetsi uye simba rinogoneka: Ivo vanoita semagetsi ekusimbisa mune solar panels uye mhepo turbines, kutora uye kuburitsa simba kutsiva kuchinjika uye kukanganisa.
• Zvishandiso zvemumba nevatengi zvemagetsi: Ivo vanobatanidzwa mukutsigira RAM, wachi, kupenya kwekamera, uye microcontroller uye robhoti simba uye bhutsu masisitimu.
• Automation uye Logistics: Iwo anoshandiswa mune otomatiki ngoro uye maindasitiri ekuchengetedza masisitimu, uko ekupedzisira-nekukurumidza recharging uye kuenderera mberi kwekushanda kwakakosha.

Mumatura emazuva ano, otomatiki Pallet Shuttles anogona kushanda 24/7 nekuda kwe supercapacitors., kudzivisa recharging kumira uye kuwedzera kubereka. Uyezve, kushandiswa kwayo mumotokari yekubatsira masimba masisitimu (APU), maindasitiri UPS, compressors, uye mainjini makuru anoratidza kuita kwayo uye kuvimbika.

Tekinoroji uye mabhenefiti ekushandisa pane mamwe mhinduro

Sei uchisarudza supercapacitor panzvimbo yebhatiri yechinyakare? Zvikonzero zvakawandisa uye zvine chekuita nekuita uye kuchengeteka:

• Nguva pfupi yekuchaja: Dzinogona kubhadhariswa zvizere mumasekonzi kana maminetsi.
• Simba guru rekutumira: Vanoshingirira kuburitswa kwepamusoro-soro, yakakwana kune maindasitiri uye zvekufambisa zvikumbiro.
• Yakanyanya kuwanda nhamba yematenderedzwa: Ivo havatambudzike zvakanyanya kupfeka mukudzokororwa kutenderera, izvo zvinoshandura mumitengo yakaderera yekuchengetedza.
• Tembiricha siyana uye kushanda zvakanaka: Ivo vanoshanda nemazvo pamusoro pehupamhi hwekupisa mazinga uye nekuchaja / kuburitsa kunyatsoshanda kupfuura 95%.
• Kuchengeteka kukuru: Nekusaenderana nekuita kwakaoma kwemakemikari, njodzi yekuputika kana moto inoderedzwa zvakanyanya.
• Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kudiki: Vanoshandisa zvinhu zvine muchetura zvishoma uye, nekuda kwekugara kwenguva refu, zvinoda kugadziriswa zvishoma.

Utera hwayo hukuru hunoramba huri hushoma hwesimba huchienzaniswa nemabhatiri., saka hazvishandiswe kuchengetedza simba kwemaawa akawanda, asi nekuda kwekutenderera kwakakurumidza uye zvinodikanwa zvepakarepo.

Mamiriro makuru e supercapacitors

Hazvisi zvese zvakakwana: supercapacitors zvakare ine zvayakaipira. Iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeye yakaderera simba density zvichienzaniswa nemabhatiri, izvo zvinovatadzisa kupa kuzvitonga kwakawedzerwa. Mukuwedzera, yavo unitary undervoltage Izvi zvinoda kukwirisa akati wandei munhevedzano kuti uwane inoshanda yekushandisa voltages, iyo inoomesa manejimendi uye inogona kuunza chiyero uye matambudziko ekuchengetedza.

Vanotambura kumwe kuzvibvisa, ichiburitsa zvishoma nezvishoma imwe mari yakachengetwa kana isiri kushandiswa, uye mutengo pa farad uchiri mukuru pane wemazuva ose emakemikari technologies. Nekudaro, kutsvagisa uye kufambira mberi kwezvinhu zviri kuderedza zvishoma nezvishoma izvi zvinokanganisa.

Ikozvino kufambira mberi uye kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji

Mujaho wekugadzira unoshanda uye wepamusoro supercapacitor unoenderera mberi.Pakati pezvinonyanya kuitika ndezvi:

• Kubatanidzwa kwegraphene uye kabhoni nanotubes: Vanovandudza conductivity, nzvimbo yepamusoro uye kugadzikana kwemaitiro.
• Hybrid uye doped zvinhu: Kushandiswa kwesimbi oxides, kuitisa mapolymers uye doping ine heteroatoms inobvumira kusanganisa kaviri layer mhedzisiro uye pseudocapacitance kuwedzera simba density.
• High-precision kugadzira uye kutonga kwehutano: Inosimbisa masimba epamusoro, kushomeka kwemukati mukati uye hupenyu hurefu hwebasa.
• Hungwaru kubatanidzwa mumahybrid masisitimu.

Nekuda kwekufambira mberi uku, prototypes yakavakirwa pamvura, simende uye kabhoni dema yatovepo., uye kubatanidzwa kwavo muzvivakwa zvakaita senheyo dzekuvaka, maelevator emagetsi, uye kunyange masatellite uye maapplication emuchadenga ari kuongororwa.

Mienzaniso yekushandisa uye zviitiko zvinoshanda

Kuunza iyo pfungwa kumba, heino mimwe mienzaniso inoburitsa.:

• MumotokariSupercapacitors inobatsira mukutanga, kuvandudza mabhureki, uye kumhanyisa mota dzemagetsi, mabhazi, uye zvitima, kuvandudza kushanda kwebhatiri uye hupenyu hurefu.
• Mune simba rinovandudzwaMumapurazi ezuva nemhepo, vanodzikamisa uye kudzora magetsi, kudzivirira kubuda kwegridi nekuvandudza kuvimbika kwekupa.
• Mumagetsi evatengi: Vanopa simba rinodiwa kupenya kwekamera, ndangariro uye wachi backups, uye inovimbisa kuenderera mberi kwekushanda mumamilliseconds akakosha.
• Mune logistics uye otomatiki: Vanobvumira kusakanganiswa kushanda kwemarobhoti masisitimu uye otomatiki mota, kiyi yekuvandudza maindasitiri uye kugona kugadzira.

Iko kushandiswa kwema supercapacitors mune yakakwirira-simba mhinduro, senge reactive simba masisitimu, inogona kuve yakanakisa sarudzo yekugonesa kuisirwa magetsi. kuvandudza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kuderedza kurasikirwa.

Tarisiro yeramangwana nemaitiro

Iwe unofungidzira sei ramangwana rine supercapacitors? Nyanzvi dzinobvumirana kuti kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, kuderedzwa kwemitengo, uye kubatanidzwa nehungwaru mumhinduro dzakasanganiswa kunotsanangura makore gumi anotevera.

Mafambiro azvino anonongedza ku:

• Hybrid bhatiri-supercapacitor masisitimu: Kubatanidza iyo yakakwira simba density yebhatiri nesimba uye kumhanya kweiyo supercapacitor.
• Kupinda kukuru mukufamba kwemagetsiUltra-nekukurumidza kuchaja maitiro, akasanganiswa nekusimba, anotarisirwa kuisa supercapacitors sezvinhu zvakakosha mumotokari, drones, uye logistics.
• Zvishandiso mubiomedicine uye aerospaceKubva pama pacemaker kusvika kuma satellite, kuvimbika kwavo uye nekupindura ipapo zvinoyevedza.

Kufembera kunoratidza kuti sezvo mutengo wekugadzira uchidonha uye maitiro ekugadzira achinatswa, ma supercapacitors anowedzera kutora nzvimbo yakawanda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye indasitiri..

Supercapacitors inomiririra imwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa uye shanduko mhinduro mumunda wekuchengetedza simba. Nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuchengetedza uye kuendesa simba munguva yerekodhi, hupenyu hwavo hurefu, uye chengetedzo yavanopa, vava vatambi vakuru muzvikamu zvakasiyana semotokari, zvemagetsi, zvemaindasitiri otomatiki, uye simba rakachena. Kunyangwe vachiri kutarisana nezvipimo maererano nekuwanda kwesimba uye mutengo, kuenderera mberi kwezvishandiso uye maitiro ekugadzira kunofanotaura basa rinowedzera kukosha mukusimudzira tekinoroji. Kuisa mari mumasupercapacitors kunoreva kuisa mari mune ramangwana rakanaka, rakagadzikana rine simba rinogara rakagadzirira dambudziko rinotevera.