CNC programming: matanho ekutanga kugadzira

Isu tinotsaurira nhamba huru yevatungamiri vakakwana pa CNC machining tekinoroji. Iye zvino yave nguva yekuenda nhanho imwe mberi uye kutarisa pane chimwe chinhu chakadai cnc programming, izvo zvatakatotaura nezvazvo mune zvimwe zvinyorwa, asi izvo zvatichaona zvakadzama pano.

Nenzira iyi unogona kuziva izvi zviri nani programming codes kumaindasitiri emuchina uye magadzirirwo avanogona nyore kana kuvandudzwa kuti aenderane nezvido zvako.

Kune izvo zvinozivikanwa sepostprocessors, zvirongwa zvinoshandura chirongwa cheCNC kuita kodhi chaiyo yemuchina chaiwo. Mamwe ma postprocessors anogona kuita dudziro yebidirectional, kureva, kushandura kodhi yemuridzi kuita kodhi kodhi uye zvinopesana. Kune rimwe divi, CNC simulators zvirongwa zvinokutendera kuti utevedzere maitwa eCNC chirongwa mumuchina chaiwo. Nekufananidza kuita kwechirongwa chemuridzi, kushanda kwayo kunogona kuongororwa uye chirongwa chakaenzana chinogadzirwa mumutauro wakajairika.

Nhanganyaya kuCNC

CNC ndiyo acronym yeComputer Numeric Control. Inzira yekugadzira iyo inoshandisa maturusi emuchina anodzorwa nekombuta kucheka nekugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana, kubva kusimbi kusvika kumapurasitiki. Kusiyana nemachina machining, CNC michina inoita mabasa anodzokororwa nehunyanzvi uye nekumhanya, ichitevera pre-yakarongwa dhijitari mirairo.

Kuti tiite machining, tinotanga nekugadzirwa kwechikamu chinoda kugadzirwa, chimwe chinhu chinogona kuitwa uchishandisa CAD software. Iyi dhizaini inogona kushandurwa otomatiki kana nemaoko kuita inozivikanwa seCNC kodhi, uye ndizvo zvichave izvo shandura dhizaini kuita chikamu chaicho kuburikidza neCNC muchina.

Pamwoyo wemuchina pane CNC controller, dunhu richave nebasa rekududzira chirongwa cheCNC nekuchishandura kuita masaini emagetsi anodzora mafambiro emuchina. muchina mbezo. Sezvaunoziva, michina ine maekisi akasiyana, zvichienderana nemuenzaniso. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye X axis inofamba yakachinjika, Y axis yekufamba perpendicular kune X axis, uye Z axis yekufamba yakatwasuka kumusoro kana pasi. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo chombo kana musoro unokwanisa kuveza dhizaini inodiwa. Mimwe michina inogona kuve nenhamba yakakura yematemo, kana kuve akawanda-turusi, kunyangwe izvi zvisingatifadze isu izvozvi...

Chishandiso chinoshandiswa chinogona kunge chiri chigayo chekucheka, chibooreso, blade inotenderera, nezvimwe. Aya ndiwo mafambisirwo anoitwa kuveza kuburikidza nekufamba, segwaro raunotumira kunodhinda rinoshandura kodhi kuita yakadhindwa. Rangarira kuti zvinyorwa zvichadhindwa zvinoshandurwa kuita mutauro wekutsanangura peji (Tsanangudzo Yepeji Mutauro, kana PDL), sePostScript kana PS, PCL (Printer Control Language), nezvimwewo. Mutauro uyu mutsara wemirairo inoshandiswa nemudhindi kududzira nekumiririra gwaro repepa.

Kudzokera kuCNC, chikamu chinogona kumira, chakabatwa zvakasimba patafura yebasa apo chishandiso chinofamba. Pane dzimwe nguva chikamu chinogona kutenderera nekumhanya kukuru uye chishandiso chinoramba chakamira, chichibvisa zvinhu zvakawandisa uye kugadzira chikamu. Asi zvese kufambisa chidimbu uye kufambisa chishandiso, cnc controller anoita semuturikiri anoturikira mutauro wechirongwa kuita zviito zvemuviri:

Kuverenga kodhi: Mutongi anoverenga CNC chirongwa mutsara nemutsara.
Dudziro-Mutsetse wega wega wekodhi une mirairo chaiyo, senge chinzvimbo icho chishandiso chinofanira kutamira kwairi, kumhanya kwekucheka, kana huwandu hwezvinhu zvekubvisa.
Signal generation: Mutongi anogadzira masaini emagetsi anotumirwa kune ma servomotors anodzora masanhu uye spindle.
Kuitwa: Ma servomotors anogashira masaini uye anofambisa mbezo uye chishandiso nemazvo, achitevera mirairo yechirongwa.

Basic CNC programming

Kazhinji CNC kodhi Haina kunyorwa nemaoko, asi inoshandurwa kubva kuCAD dhizaini yega nesoftware. Nekudaro, panogona kunge paine dzimwe nguva paunoda kugadzira CNC kodhi kubva kutanga, kana iwe uine yakatogadzirwa CNC chirongwa chaunongoda kuita mamwe magadzirirwo kana gadziridzo kuti ugadzire mutsauko wechikamu chekutanga.

Kunyangwe yega yega CNC muchina inogadzira kazhinji ine yayo yemutauro weG uye M kodhi, iyo yepasi nheyo uye pfungwa dzakafanana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinokwanisika kushandura purogiramu yakanyorwa mumutauro wekodzero kuva purogiramu yakaenzana mumutauro wakajairika.

Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuziva mutauro uyu APT (Automatically Programmed Tools), mutauro wepamusoro-soro wepurogiramu waive wakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemaitiro ekudzora nhamba. Kunyangwe yakatsiviwa zvakanyanya nemitauro yemazuva ano uye yakananga muchina, APT inoramba iri nhoroondo uye yepfungwa referenzi mumunda weCNC programming:

mabhii makuru

Chimwe chezvinhu zvekuziva nezve CNC kodhi ndeye mabhii makuru izvo zvinozoonekwa mumitsara yekuronga uye kuti iwe unofanirwa kuziva zvakadzama:

O – Nhamba Yechirongwa-Kusarudza yakasarudzika chirongwa cheCNC. Kazhinji inotanga naO ichiteverwa nenhamba, semuenzaniso, O001, iyo inogona kuratidza chirongwa chekutanga.
N - Nhamba Yekutevedzana-Inoshandiswa kutsanangura kurongeka kwekuita mukati meCNC chirongwa. Inotanga neN ichiteverwa nenhamba, semuenzaniso, N100.
G - Kugadzirira Basa: Inotsanangura basa rekugadzirira remuchina, sekusarudza yakanangana system, kubatidza inotonhorera, kana kuseta chaiyo yekushandisa mode. Inotanga naG ichiteverwa nenhamba, semuenzaniso, G00, G01, G02. G00 inoratidza kukurumidza kumira, G01 yekududzira mutsara, uye G02 yekududzira denderedzwa munzira yewachi…
X, Y, Z – Axis Dhizaini- Rondedzera zvinorongedzerwa zvechishandiso, uye zvinoteverwa nehuwandu hwenhamba, semuenzaniso, X10.0, Y20.0, Z5.0. Mumuenzaniso uyu, chishandiso chaizoendeswa kune makongisheni (10, 20, 5).
R - Radio Dhizaini- Inoshandiswa kugovera radius yedenderedzwa arc panguva yekududzira. Semuenzaniso, G02 X10.0 Y20.0 R5.0, iyo inogona kugadzira arc yakatarisana newachi ine radius yemayunitsi mashanu.
F - Forward Speed Designation- Inomaka chiyero chekudya, kana kumhanya uko chishandiso chinofamba chinoenderana neanoshanda. Semuenzaniso, F100 inoisa chiyero chekudya kusvika kuzana mayunitsi paminiti.
S - Spindle Speed Designation: Inosarudza kumhanya kwekutenderera kwechipindo. Semuyenzaniso, S2000 ichagadzira spindle yekumhanya ye2000 RPM kana marevolutions paminiti.
H - Chishandiso Kureba Offset Dhizaini: kutama pakati pemuromo wechishandiso nemhino yechirungu. H1, semuenzaniso, inoratidza kuti inosarudza kubviswa kwechishandiso nhamba 1 iyo yakatsanangurwa neichi ID muCNC muchina wekushandisa tafura.
D - Chishandiso Radius Offset Dhizaini: yekubvisa pakati pechishandiso radius uye yakarongwa nzira. Muenzaniso unogona kunge uri D2, zvichiratidza kuti radius offset yechishandiso nhamba 2 inotsanangurwa muID tafura inosarudzwa.
T - Tool Designation- Inotsanangura nhamba yekushandisa yekushandisa. Semuenzaniso, T4 inosarudza chishandiso nhamba 4 kubva patafura yekushandisa.
M - Zvakasiyana Basa: Mabasa akasiyana-siyana, akadai sekubatidza kana kudzima chirungiso, kuita chinotonhorera, kana kumisa chirongwa. Semuenzaniso, iyo M03 neM30 zvinoreva kutanga chirungiro newachi uye nekupedza chirongwa panguva imwe chete.

Aya mabhii akakosha uye mabasa anoenderana nawo anoumba hwaro hweCNC hurongwa, huchibvumira kuita kwakaringana uye kudzokororwa machining mashandiro.

G-code

Vakadanwa G kana general codes, uye ndiwo:

G00: kukurumidza kuchinjika chinzvimbo.
G01: mutsara kududzira.
G02: denderedzwa interpolation, clockwise (CW).
G03: denderedzwa interpolation, counterclockwise (CCW).
G17: XY ndege.
G18: ndege yeXZ.
G19: YZ ndege.
G20 / G70: Chirungu kana mauto eumambo, senge inches, nezvimwe.
G21 / G71: SI metric zvikamu, senge mamirimita, nezvimwe.
G40: Kanzura muripo wekushandisa.
G41: tool offset left.
G42: tool offset kurudyi.
G43: mudziyo kureba muripo (zvakanaka).
G44: mudziyo kureba muripo (negative).
G49: Kanzura kureba kwechishandiso muripo.
G80: kudzima kutenderera kwemumagaba.
G81: kutenderera kwekuchera.
G82: reming cycle.
G83: yakadzika drilling cycle.
G90: zvachose chinzvimbo.
G91: kuwedzera chinzvimbo.

M-Codes

Pakati pe general M makodhi, iva:

M00: misa chirongwa.
M01: nekusarudza kumisa chirongwa.
M02: kupedza chirongwa.
M03: Shandura chirungiso chewachi.
M04: batidza chirungiso chakatenderedza wachi.
M05: misa chirungiso.
M06: chishandiso shanduko.
M08: batidza chinotonhorera.
M09: dzima chinotonhorera.
M10: vhura shaya.
M11: dzima shaya.
M30: misa purogiramu uye tangazve pakutanga.

Zvichienderana nemuchina, panogona kuve nemamwe macode ekuwedzera, asi aya ndiwo akajairika. Saizvozvo, unogona kushandisa + uye - zviratidzo pamberi penhamba kuti uchinje zvinoreva.

Code format

Zvino zvauri kuziva zvakawanda kana zvishoma maCNC kodhi, isu tinofanirwa kuona fomati iyo chirongwa chakazara kana kodhi inofanirwa kuve nayo, sezvo iine chaiyo fomati inowanzo zivikanwa se. fomu yekero yezwi, chimiro chakajairwa chinoshandiswa kunyora zvirongwa zvekudzora nhamba dzekombuta. Mutsara wega wega wechirongwa unonzi block uye unoumbwa nemirairo yakati wandei kana mazwi.

CNC kodhi muenzaniso

Kupedzisa, tichaona a CNC kodhi muenzaniso uye tsananguro yezvaichaita, kuitira kuti iwe ugone kuziva nenzira inoshanda uye yekuona kuti inoshanda sei:

N100 G01 X10.0 Y20.0 Z5.0 F100.0 S2000.0 T4 M03

Muchiitiko ichi, kodhi ichadaira kutevedzana kwenhamba zana, ita setup 100 yekududzira mutsara, wobva watsanangura CNC mudziyo wekuenda kurongedzero yeX, Y, uye Z axis (01, 10, 20), isa kumhanya kwepamberi pa. 5 mayunitsi, ma spindle revolutions achange ari 100 RPM, shandisa chishandiso 2000 uye shandura iyo spindle wachi.